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It means that you can change one variable (the independent variable) freely, but that the other variable (the dependent variable) depends on the independent variable. For example, to calculate kinetic energy, the energy (for a given object) depends on the speed; if you change the speed, you change the kinetic energy. You can't change the kinetic energy directly, only indirectly by changing the speed.
Dependent variable is usually speed.
None. The speed of light is usually assumed to be constant. The symbol used to represent the speed of light is "C", as in E=MC2. Then why is it called a variable speed?
Yes.
Independent variable is the variable that you change in an experiment.