A rotating body that spins about an external or internal axis (either fixed or unfixed) increase the moment of inertia.
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the moment of inertia of a solid cylinder about an axis passing through its COM and parallel to its length is mr2/2 where r is the radius.
mass moment of inertia for a solid sphere: I = (2 /5) * mass * radius2 (mass in kg, radius in metres)
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It is the square root of ratio moment of inertia of the given axis to its mass.
By integration. This means the plane is divided into small pieces, and the contribution of each individual piece to the moment of inertia is evaluated. There are mathematical methods to do this more or less easily - systematically, at least - for certain simple figures, and you can find the moment of inertial of many common figures published in lists.