A sextant.
the sexton
an astrolabe
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The angle the sun's rays hit a given surface on Earth.And the angle is measured from the horizon up to the position of the sun
The Sun advances 15 degrees an hour; that is, 15 degrees every 60 minutes. You can base your calculations on that. If you live near the equator, after sunset the Sun will move directly downwards; if you live at higher latitudes, for example in Europe, the Sun moves at an angle, so while it will still move (for example) 15 degrees in an hour, it will not be 15 degrees below the horizon.
If the sun is 40 degrees above the horizon, a 5-ft person casts a shadow 5ft 11.5in long (rounded)
an angle (that can be on the earth) at which an angle could be formed by the sun.
Sunset or sunrise.