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They refer to the time - in hours. The slanted edge of the gnomon casts a shadow on the sundial at the position which represents the time.
Because they want to and it's a free country.
The only specialized word I can think of for the difference between two squares is "gnomon", and it's called that because it sort of looks like one (a gnomon is the word for the "pointer" part of a sundial).
formula for calculating through-feed grinding time
time