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If they increase or decrease exactly, then the constant of proportionality or coefficient of proportionality. If not exactly, then a correlation coefficient.
No. The ratio of consecutive values of y for equal x-intervals will be approx constant.
If measurements are taken for two (or more) variable for a sample , then the correlation between the variables are the sample correlation. If the sample is representative then the sample correlation will be a good estimate of the true population correlation.
Evidence that there is no correlation.
They can be positive correlation, negative correlation or no correlation depending on 'line of best fit'