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A chi-square test is often used as a "goodness-of-fit" test. You have a null hypothesis under which you expect some results. You carry out observations and get a set of results. The expected and observed results are used to calculate the chi-square statistic. This statistic is used to test how well the observations match the values expected under the null hypothesis. In other words, how good the fit between observed and expected values is.
I think it means to find the theoretical probability of something random that has results that are numbers. For instance, rolling a die and trying to get a 6 is a "chance activity with numerical outcomes".
It is the observed error.
If there were any other numbers that could have been observed, then the modes are the five numbers. These five were observed more often than the number 3, for example.If there were any other numbers that could have been observed, then the modes are the five numbers. These five were observed more often than the number 3, for example.If there were any other numbers that could have been observed, then the modes are the five numbers. These five were observed more often than the number 3, for example.If there were any other numbers that could have been observed, then the modes are the five numbers. These five were observed more often than the number 3, for example.
THe maximum observed (excluding any outliers).