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An ordinary differential equation is an equation relating the derivatives of a function to the function and the variable being differentiated against. For example, dy/dx=y+x would be an ordinary differential equation. This is as opposed to a partial differential equation which relates the partial derivatives of a function to the partial variables such as d²u/dx²=-d²u/dt². In a linear ordinary differential equation, the various derivatives never get multiplied together, but they can get multiplied by the variable. For example, d²y/dx²+x*dy/dx=x would be a linear ordinary differential equation. A nonlinear ordinary differential equation does not have this restriction and lets you chain as many derivatives together as you want. For example, d²y/dx² * dy/dx * y = x would be a perfectly valid example
Civil engineers use partial differential equations in many different situations. These include the following: heating and cooling; motion of a particle in a resisting medium; hanging cables; electric circuits; natural purification in a stream.
All the optimization problems in Computer Science have a predecessor analogue in continuous domain and they are generally expressed in the form of either functional differential equation or partial differential equation. A classic example is the Hamiltonian Jacobi Bellman equation which is the precursor of Bellman Ford algorithm in CS.
A degree of a differential equation is the highest power of highest order of a differential term of the equation. For example, 5(d^4 x/dx^4) - (dx/dx)^2 =7 Here 5(d^4x/dx^2) has the highest order and so the degree will be it's power which is 1.
The answer will depend on the nature of the differential equation.