An independent variable is a factor that doesn't rely on anything, unlike the dependent variable (which relies on the independent variable). The most common independent variable is time.
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There is no term other than independent variable.
The independent variable is the thing that stays the same throughout the problem.
Dependent and independent and what scenario
An independent variable is a variable that isn't affected by something else. A dependent variable is a variable that's affected by changes in the independent variable.
It can depend on nothing or on an variable which is outside of the scope of the study.