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The purpose of finding a derivative is to find the instantaneous rate of change. In addition, taking the derivative is used in integration by parts.
It means that you substitute one expression by another, as a step of the integration. When you do a substitution, you must not forget to also substitute the differential in the integral, for example the "dx" (if the variable integrated is "x"). You can find some examples on how to do this in the Wikipedia article on "integration by substitution".
Quite simply that, like any general-purpose integration method, it works only for some specific cases. In this case, not all expressions can be simplified into something integrable simply by substituting something.
Assuming integration is with respect to a variable, x, the answer is 34x + c where c is the constant of integration.
Integration by Parts is a special method of integration that is often useful when two functions.