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It would have no effect.
R was used for Real numbers. Q, for rational numbers refers to the fact that it must be possible to express them as quotients [of two integers].
Short answer - yes, fractions with whole numbers are rational. All whole numbers are rational. All fractions are rational. Rational numbers can be added to always make another rational number.
The sum of just one rational number is simply itself and so it is rational. A sum normally refers to a mathematical operation on two or more numbers. Please edit the question to include more context or relevant information.
It normally refers to a rational number that can be expressed as fraction whereas an irrational number cannot be expressed as a fraction.