The Fourier transfer of the signum function, sgn(t) is 2/(iω), where ω is the angular frequency (2πf), and i is the imaginary number.
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Fourier transform and Laplace transform are similar. Laplace transforms map a function to a new function on the complex plane, while Fourier maps a function to a new function on the real line. You can view Fourier as the Laplace transform on the circle, that is |z|=1. z transform is the discrete version of Laplace transform.
Fourier series is the sum of sinusoids representing the given function which has to be analysed whereas discrete fourier transform is a function which we get when summation is done.
A Fourier series is a set of harmonics at frequencies f, 2f, 3f etc. that represents a repetitive function of time that has a period of 1/f. A Fourier transform is a continuous linear function. The spectrum of a signal is the Fourier transform of its waveform. The waveform and spectrum are a Fourier transform pair.
Let F(f) be the fourier transform of f and L the laplacian in IR3, then F(Lf(x))(xi) = -|xi|2F(f)(xi)
discrete fourier transformer uses digital signals whereas the fast fourier transform uses both analog and digital.