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Specifically if you increase the diameter of the main lens, or of the main mirror (depending on the type of the telescope), you'll be able to observe dimmer objects (stars, planets, etc.). Also, the telescope's resolving power (angular resolution) improves with a bigger mirror/lens. For example, with a bigger mirror/lens you'll be able to distinguish two stars that are closer together as separate objects.
The focal length of the main optical system and the focal length of the lens forming the image.
The "L" in DSLR stands for "single-lens reflex." It refers to the camera's design, which employs a mirror and prism system that allows the photographer to see directly through the lens and capture an accurate representation of the image.
the objective lens has the power of that lens inscribed on it
Because, light is transmitted by the lens