There is no answer. There are to many factors to generate an accurate response. When estimating, your best bet is to refer to similar jobs that your company and employees have completed. Those production rates will be the most accurate. When quantifying weld per inch Dia. Given varying degrees of environmental restrictions, wall thickness, procedure, pipe type and size, the hang over that your crew has from the night before and the rest of the equation it is difficult to determine what production rates will be. My recommendation is to use previous proven production rates and work on improving the management coordination, material and equipment supply and communication to the crew. if focus is given in these areas a substantial increase in previously realized production rates will be seen.
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Inch dia = Number of weld joints X Size of the pipe
With large diameters like that you will most probably need to insert a weld-on 12 inch - 10 inch reducer at the point where the reduction is required. The pipe and reducer perimeter edges should be bevelled, say 45 degrees, for good weld penetration especially if the pipe conveys fluid under pressure.
1.5in For a 90 degree butt-joint each piece must be cut at 45 degrees. So it will be one inch measured along the length of the pipe or 1.414 inches measured along the 45 degree cut. When you look at the cut face at right angles (90 degrees) you will see an ellipse that is 1 inch wide and 1.414 inches long.
Elbow is a fitting used to change pipe direction, 45 degrees in this case, LR is referred as "long Radius" ( normally most pipes, unless you ask for SR, short radius). Butt weld refers to welding 2 ends from two separate fittings or pipe. Both ends are beveled (30 degrees is tapered from inside pipe diameter to outside pipe diameter on pipe/fitting connections)
The 'face' of the weld may be slightly convex, flat, or slightly concave.