Population is total number of people who live in a geographical area
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A census would get data from 100% of the population (or at least close to 100%). Sampling would be to get data from some of the population (much less than 100%).
The 2010 census was 37,253,956 for California, the most populous state in the United States. An estimate in 2011 found the population had grown to 37,691,912.
A census is the gathering of data from an entire population.
A sample survey is asked of a limited group of people, while a census is conducted in an attempted to get an answer from all people in a geographical area.
A population survey, better known as a census, entails the collection of each unit in the population. In sample survey information is collected from a subset of the population. The subset, or sample, needs to be selected carefully so that it is representative of the whole population and, if that requirement is met, statistics based on the sample are good estimators for the corresponding population parameters.