An attribute describes something. A variable is something that can take on many values. An example in statistics for an attribute could be for a set of data the diameter. The attribute of the data could be the mean is 5 and standard deviation is 1/2. This describes the data. An example of a variable in statistics for the same set of data above is the diameter reading itself. The diameter will vary and is measured for each member of the population or sample, and may be 4.9, 5.1, 4.95, 5.05, etc. The value can vary on each part.
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The main difference in taking the samples is that for a variable sample, measurements of a characteristic of interest are taken, and for an attribute sample, one counts the number of units having or not having specific properties (mostly good/bad or number of flaws). Generally, attribute samples are much larger than variable samples and to be useful, need to be very large, when the proportion of bad units (or flaws) is very small.
The difference between a variable resistor and a rheostat is the same as the difference between six and half a dozen.
The variable.
a literal is a constant value, the difference is a variable can change it's value.
The set of the possible values.