The domain is the possible values that can be input into the function and produce a real number output.
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The domain of a function is simply the x values of the function
The graph of a continuous function will not have any 'breaks' or 'gaps' in it. You can draw it without lifting your pencil or pen. The graph of a discrete function will just be a set of lines.
Discrete Function - A function that is defined only for a set of numbers that can be listed, such as the set of whole numbers or the set of integers. Explicit Definition - A definition of a function by a formula in terms of the variable.
You can graph both with Energy on the y-axis and frequency on the x. Such a frequency domain graph of a fourier series will be discrete with a finite number of values corresponding to the coefficients a0, a1, a2, ...., b1, b2,... Also, the fourier series will have a limited domain corresponding to the longest period of your original function. A fourier transforms turns a sum into an integral and as such is a continuous function (with uncountably many values) over the entire domain (-inf,inf). Because the frequency domain is unrestricted, fourier transforms can be used to model nonperiodic functions as well while fourier series only work on periodic ones. Series: discrete, limited domain Transform: continuous, infinite domain.
The domain is a subset of the values for which the function is defined. The range is the set of values that the function takes as the argument of the function takes all the values in the domain.