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That's called a "great circle" of the sphere.

-- It's any circle whose center is at the center of the sphere.

-- Its diameter is equal to the diameter of the sphere.

-- Its area is equal to 1/4 the surface area of the sphere.

-- The shortest distance between any two points on the sphere is

along the piece of the great circle on which they lie. (There's only

one, unless the two points are the opposite ends of a diameter.)

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