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Because any 'Great Circle' is the shortest distance across a sphere. Where the Earth is concerned , all the meridians and the Equator are Great Circles. The Plane of a 'Great Circles ' 'cut' the sphere into two equally sized hemispheres. NB Other than the Equator all the latitudes are NOT great Circles.
If two circles are drawn using the same centre, the two lines of the circles are parallel as they don't meet each other.Two straight lines (think of railway tracks) are drawn next to each other, but never meet, they are parallel lines.
Yes of course!
Because all circles are similar.
Because they make big circles around the Earth.