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An independent variable is a factor that doesn't rely on anything, unlike the dependent variable (which relies on the independent variable). The most common independent variable is time.
Any variable can be declared as the independent variable, then the other would be the dependent variable. However, it is quite common to arbitrarily define y as the dependent variable - a variable that depends on x.
The independent variable.
The independent variable and the constant(s).
the dependent variable changes with the independent variable. the independent variable only changes when changed by the experimenter. Time is usually an independent variable.