'Poly' simply means 'many' or 'multiple', so a polygon is just a shape with any number of sides. Unlike hexagons ('hex'=6) or pentagons ('penta'=5), polygon is just a blanket word for any multi-sided shape. Squares and triangles and rhombuses and semicircles are all polygons.
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Nearly correct.
The sides of a polygon must be straight lines so a semicircle is NOT a polygon.
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Technically, a polygon can have an unlimited number of sides.
There is no limit to the number of sides that a polygon can have. Mathematically, a circle is equivalent to a polygon with an infinite number of sides.
Twelve. The number of sides and vertices in a polygon are always the same.
It depends on the type of polygon; for example: if the polygon is a parallelogram; the number of sides is 4
With a regular polygon: 360/exterior angle = number of sides