It depends a lot on what industry the mathematics is being applied to.
For instance, if you're designing circuit layouts, either on a board or on a wafer, then you might apply an area of mathematics known as graph theory, to ensure that none of the electrically conductive areas would cross one another. On the other hand, if you were in charge of a large transportation company then you might use the mathematics of optimisation, to minimise the effort required to get all of the shipments of goods to their destinations. If you were planning space travel then you would have to be well versed in calculus. Nowadays practically all areas of industrial mathematics also involve co-operation with people with skills and expertise in computing too.
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Exponents did not change math, per se, math has always been the same. But the use of them has changed the way math is done. It has allowed mathematic formulas to be shortened and simplified.
It's not "maths". It's spelled "math". The mathematics is spelled with an "s" because it counts for all of the numbers used in a mathematical expression, and not just one mathematic note. When using British English the correct abbreviation is maths not math.
Mary Somerville was a Scottish mathematician and astronomer. She contributed many things to the mathematic world, but her invention of the commonly used variables for algebraic math is the most significant.
It is used to indicate an exponent eg 2 squared can be expressed as 2^2
Physics is entirely dependant of mathematics because mostly, physics actions require mathematic calculus to have it understood