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The mathematical relationship between time (t) and capacitance (C) in the context of a capacitor charging or discharging in an RC (resistor-capacitor) circuit is described by the exponential function. The voltage across the capacitor as it charges is given by V(t) = V₀(1 - e^(-t/RC)), where V₀ is the initial voltage, R is the resistance, and C is the capacitance. The time constant τ (tau) of the circuit is defined as τ = RC, indicating that larger capacitance or resistance results in longer charge and discharge times. Thus, capacitance directly affects the time it takes for a capacitor to charge or discharge to a certain percentage of its maximum voltage.

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