Equation
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A mathematical sentence that contains an equals sign would be called an equation.
An equation. (Both "equals" and "equation" have the Latin root aequatio.)
If it doesn't have an "equals" sign, then it's not an equation. It's an "expression".
A mathematical expression has numbers and operation signs with no equal sign. Equations, on the other hand, do contain equal signs.
The word you're looking for is.... equation.