The common operations of arithmetic for which it holds are addition and multiplication.
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False.
Closure with respect to addition and multiplication. Cummutative, Associative properties of addition and of multiplication. Distributive property of multiplication over addition.
Consider the main operations to be addition and multiplication. In that case, subtraction is defined in terms of addition, for example, a - b = a + (-b) (where the last "-b" refers to the additive inverse of b), while a / b = a times 1/b (where 1/b is the multiplicative inverse of b). Now, assuming that commutative, etc. properties hold for addition and multiplication, check what happens with a subtraction. That should clarify everything. For example: a - b = a + (-b) whereas: b - a = b + (-a) which happens NOT to be the same as a - b, but rather its additive inverse.
According the associative property of multiplication, given any three elements a, b and c belonging to a set, (ab)c = a(bc) and so without ambiguity either can be written as abc. By contrast, (a/b)/c is not equal to a/(b/c). The first is a/bc, the second is ac/b which is true only if c2 = 1 ie c = -1 or c = 1
The associative property of addition states that given any three elements in the domain, their sum does not depend on the order in which the operation of addition is carried out. So, if x, y and z are three elements, then (x + y) + z = x + (y+ z) and either can be written as x + y + z without ambiguity. Note that this is not true for subtraction. (5 - 3) - 2 = 2 - 2 = 0 but 5 - (3 - 2) = 5 - 1 = 4