They are not always discarded.
However, there are some measures that cannot be negative: such as your age or mass or the length of a rectangular field. The reason for rejecting a negative solution depends on the context of the question.
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They are often discarded but not always. The reason is that the negative answers often do not make sense in the real world. Solutions such as -3 people, or -27 apples are meaningless. Similarly, fractional solutions are also discarded at times because they make no sense: for example, 2.7 men or 4.6 cars.
The negative solutions are often discard because they have no real meaning in the real world, for example, you can not have -6 apples, it just doesn't make sense.
Because in real world problems, you cannot have answers such as "-3 people", "-4.56 minutes", "a shoe size of -9" etc... It is not logical.
Not all rational equations have a single solution but can have more than one because of having polynomials. All rational equations do have solutions that cannot fulfill the answer.
That depends on the type of problem. For example, if you have equations involving radicals, it often helps to square both sides of the equation. Note that when you do this, you may introduce additional solutions, which are not solutions to the original equation.
There are transcendental numbers such as pi, e, phi. The fact that they are transcendental means that they are not solutions of non-trivial algebraic polynomials with rational coefficients. There is, therefore, no surd form for such numbers.