The idea of binary code came about in the late 1600s and is often credited to Gottfried Leibniz , a German mathematician and all round clever person. Francis Bacon was using a binary code with letters of the alphabet as a cipher, so aaab aabb etc exactly the same as binary, this is in his book The Advancement of Learning.
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In 1679
Binary systems appear in many ancient cultures. The earliest is believed to be the I Ching, a Chinese philosophical text that dates back to the 9th century BC. Other early examples of binary systems include the Mangarevan invention of binary steps for arithmetic, Shao Yang's binary arrangement of hexagrams, and Pingala's work on prosody. The modern binary number system was studied by Gottfried Leibniz in 1679. Leibniz published a work in 1703 that describes the binary system of the Chinese and his own system of binary numbers. Leibniz attributed the invention of binary system to Fuxi.
I have been researching it and so far the results are leading to "Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz"
Claude Levi Strauss with the help of Roland Barthes. But we normally only recognise Claude Levi Strauss.
The earliest computers were literally hardwired using logic gates that determined combinations of on/off values over various wires to determine the program. Even once programming moved from hardware to software, binary codes remained the basis of all programming languages.