A minimum value (of any function, not just a polynomial) is a value that has a lower value than any nearby value. A global minimum is a value that is lower than ANY other value. (This answer is just a brief and informal overview; check the Wikipedia article on "maxima and minima" for a more detailed explanation.)
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An "extreme value" is either a local maximum, or a local minimum - i.e., a point which is greater than all the points in a certain neighborhood, or less than all points in a certain neighborhood.
A "root" of a polynomial is any value which, when replaced for the variable, results in the polynomial evaluating to zero. For example, in the polynomial x2 - 9, if you replace "x" by 3, or by -3, the resulting expression is equal to zero.
X2 - X - 2(X + 1)(X - 2)===============(X + 1) is a factor of the above polynomial.
variable
Range.