Measurement error: obviously!
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The more precise your instruments of measurement are, the less percentage of error you will have.
.5cm/.5cm/.005g
A percentage error for a measurement is 100*(True Value - Measured Value)/True Value.
A percent error depends on the size of the measurement as well as the error itself. It's very intuitive to think about: If you're measuring a piece of paper and you're off by 4 cm, you'll have problems; if you're measuring the moon, that's nothing. A bigger percent error is a bigger deal to an engineer. You can calculate it the same way as any percentage: Divide the error by the total length of the measurement, then multiply by 100 to convert it from a proportion to a percentage.
By definition of percent error, you can't. But you can approximate zero instead, with the number of decimals appropriate to the accuracy of the measurement, e.g. 0.01, 1E-100, etc.