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What is the definition of Standard deviation of a single measurement?
The standard deviation of a single observation is not defined. With a single observation, the mean of the observation(s) would be the same as the value of the observation itself. By definition, therefore, the deviation (difference between observation and mean) would always be zero. Rather a pointless exercise!
The Sortino Ratio?
I've written before about the Sharpe Ratio, a measure of risk-adjusted returns for an asset or portfolio. The Sharpe ratio functions by dividing the difference between the returns of that asset or portfolio and the risk-free rate of return by the standard deviation of the returns from their mean. So it gives you an idea of the level of risk assumed to earn each marginal unit of return. The problem with using the Sharpe Ratio is that it assumes that all deviations from the mean are risky, and therefore bad. But often those deviations are upward movements. Why should an investment strategy by graded so sharply by the Sharpe Ratio for good performance? In the real world, investors don't usually mind upside deviations from the mean. Why would they? These were the questions on the mind of Frank Sortino when he developed what has been dubbed the Sortino Ratio. The ratio that bears his name is a modification of the Sharpe Ratio that only takes into account negative deviations and counts them as risk. To me, it always made a lot more sense not to include upside volatility from the equation because I rather like to see some upside volatility in my portfolios. With the Sortino Ratio only downside volatility is used as the denominator in the equation. So the way you calculate it is to divide the difference between the expected rate of return and the risk-free rate by the standard deviation of negative asset returns. (It can be a bit tricky the first time you try to do it. The positive deviations are set to values of zero during the standard deviation calculation in order to calculate downside deviation.) By using the Sortino Ratio instead of the Sharpe Ratio you’re not penalizing the investment manager or strategy for any upside volatility in the portfolio. And doesn’t that make a whole lot more sense?
How do you calculate revised standard sales?
Revised standard sales can be calculated by dividing the amount of sales over a given length of time. This is a more accurate way to calcuating sales rather than a projection.
What is the deviation angle between geographic and true north in India?
It's rather small in India. In New Delhi, the magnetic compass points 51 minutes east of true north. That error is increasing by about 1 minute per year.
Which would you rather have 12 percent of 330 or 330 percent of 12 explain your answer by detailed calculation?
They both result in the same answer, I'm not sure where you're headed with this question. :P 330 / 100 * 12 = 39,6 12 * 3,3 = 39,6
