No. The standard deviation is not exactly a value but rather how far a score deviates from the mean.
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Any non-negative value.
z-score of a value=(that value minus the mean)/(standard deviation). So if a value has a negative z-score, then it is below the mean.
No. Standard deviation is not an absolute value. The standard deviation is often written as a single positive value (magnitude), but it is really a binomial, and it equals both the positive and negative of the given magnitude. For example, if you are told that for a population the SD is 5.0, it really means +5.0 and -5.0 from the population mean. It defines a region within the distribution, starting at the lower magnitude (-5.0) increasing to zero (the mean), and another region starting at zero (the mean) and increasing up to the upper magnitude (+5.0). Both regions together define the (continuous) region of standard deviation from the mean value.
No standard deviation can not be bigger than maximum and minimum values.
Yes, the variance of a data set is the square of the standard deviation (sigma) of the set. This means that the variance is always a positive number, even though the data might have a negative sigma value.