One definition of "root" is "the basic cause, source, or origin of something." The source of a perfect square is the number that was multiplied by itself to create it: the root of the square, the square root.
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A square root!
The answer to the calculation is simply called the square root.
The square root sign is called a radical
The square root of a negative value is called an imaginary number.
It is called the fourth root, and is denoted x1/4 or x0.25 (as opposed to x1/2 and x0.5 for square roots). It can also be denoted 4√x. A square root of a square root is the fourth root of a number.