When finding the first derivative, you calculate the slope of the curve at a point by determining the ratio of delta y over delta x. You make delta x and delta y smaller and smaller; in fact, you take the limit of delta y over delta x as delta x goes to zero.
At this zero limit point, delta y is called dy, and delta x is called dx. They are also called differentials, hence the term differential calculus. They represent the rate at which x and y change at various x's and y's.
Since we are working with differentials, the process of determining the slope, also known as the first derivative, is call differentiation.
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Finding the line of best fit is called linear regression.
It is called multiplication.
It is called multiplication.
I understand this to be y3. Then the derivative is 3y2. If y is considered a so-called 'implicit function' of x then the derivative might be written 3y2 dy/dx.
To calculate the derivate of a power, where both the base and the exponent are functions of x, requires a technique called logarithmic derivation. I'll leave the details to you; it is not particularly difficult. You can look up "logarithmic differentiation" in the Wikipedia for some examples.