Plenty, from how much horsepower one engine can have to how much down force can a car handle at a certain speed and fuel mileage of course. A lot of races come down to figuring out how much fuel to take on the last pit, or if the car has enough to stay out and not pit. Don't forget the engineering that goes along with setting up a car, and the math involved in making (creating )a NASCAR car.
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Math is everywhere in Formula 1.
In car design: Every aspect of the car must be perfectly measured and sized, the aerodynamic pieces of the car must be shaped with the perfect angles to direct airflow.
During the race: Data about how fast a car is lapping around the track will be compared to how fast other cars are, and based on this data lots of math is performed to determine when the optimal time to make a pit stop for new tires is.
These are just a few examples, there are many more as well.