The answer depends on where the other end of the line segment is. If it is on the circumference the segment is a radius. Otherwise, it is indeterminate.
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A typical circle has an infinite number of diameters. Each diameter is a line segment that passes through the center of the circle and has endpoints on the circumference.
Examples of a radius in math include the line segment from the center to a point on a circle, the distance from the center to the edge of a sphere, or the distance from the center to a point on a cone's base. Non-examples could be any line that doesn't go from the center of a circle to its edge or any measurement that doesn't start at the center of a sphere and reach its surface.
The term "radius" comes from Latin. It originally referred to a spoke of a wheel or the ray of light, and then later evolved to represent a line segment connecting the center of a circle to a point on its circumference.
A segment of the equator is a portion of the Earth's surface that lies along the imaginary line that divides the Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. This segment is a circle with a radius equal to the Earth's radius and measures 1/360th of the Earth's circumference.
Technically, in geometry, there is no such thing. By definition, a line is infinite. A "line segment" is a finite portion of a line. In everyday speech, people might sometimes refer to a line segment as a finite line. But if you said this on a math test, you would fail the test.