With the use of his new invention, the telescope, Galileo was able to verify Copernicus's theory that the Earth revolves around the Sun. He was placed under house arrest for his views, by the Catholic Church.
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Galileo's observations through his telescope, such as the phases of Venus and the moons of Jupiter, provided evidence for the heliocentric model proposed by Copernicus. These discoveries supported the idea that Earth was not the center of the universe and that there were other celestial bodies orbiting around the Sun.
Johannes Kepler, a German scientist, provided the mathematical framework and evidence to support Copernicus' heliocentric theory. Kepler's laws of planetary motion helped confirm that the Earth and other planets revolve around the sun.
Galileo's telescope designs using lenses were examples of early optical technology advancements that allowed for magnification and enhanced observational capabilities. These designs revolutionized astronomy and helped Galileo make significant discoveries, such as the moons of Jupiter and the phases of Venus, that supported the heliocentric model of the solar system.
The astronomical telescope.
Clementine spacecraft discovered evidence of ice deposits in permanently shadowed craters near the moon's poles, suggesting a potential water resource. Additionally, Clementine helped confirm the presence of iron-rich minerals on the moon's surface.
Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model, where planets revolve around the sun, while Ptolemy's geocentric model placed Earth at the center of the universe with planets orbiting around it. Copernicus' model helped to explain retrograde motion more simply than Ptolemy's epicycles.