One half of the earth is a hemisphere. There is a northern, southern, eastern, and Western Hemisphere.
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A hemisphere is half of a sphere or globe, divided by an imaginary plane passing through its center. In geography, it typically refers to one of the two halves of the Earth divided by the Equator (Northern and Southern Hemispheres). In anatomy, it can refer to the cerebrum of the brain, which is divided into two halves (left and right hemispheres).
The Equator is the primary one, but any line of longitude will split the Earth into two equal halves.
The two imaginary lines that divide the earth in half are the Equator (divides the earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres) and the Prime Meridian (divides the earth into Eastern and Western Hemispheres).
The word hemisphere is made from two words: hemi = half, and sphere = a 3-dimensional shape with a boarder equidistant from a center point (aka, a ball). So a hemisphere is one-half of a ball, cut through the middle.
The equator is the parallel that divides the Earth into two equal parts, with one half in the Northern Hemisphere and the other half in the Southern Hemisphere.