The chi-squared statistic is calculated by summing (O-E)2/E where E and O are the expected and observed values for some category, and the summation is carried out over all categories.
The expected number of observations for any category cannot be negative, and the numerators are squares so each element in the summation is non-negative. Consequently the sum is non-negative.
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No the Km can never be a negative value. The Km increases or decreases with temperature. An incorrect calculation can produce a negative value.
Because when you find the absolute value you're finding the distance a number is from zero without considering its sign (+ or -). You just have to make the number positive.
It depends on what the value of x is. If x is a positive number, then it will be negative because a negative number multiplied by a positive number is negative. If x is a negative number, then it will be positive because the product of two negative numbers is always a positive number.
true (that's the whole point of absolute value)
its 16, because the value of the power is even so the negative has no effect.