No, a circle can never pass through three points of a straight line. The circle will touch 1) no points of the line, 2) one point of the line (which is now tangent to the circle), or 3) two points of the line. A line can contain (at most) twopoints that lie on the line.
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Two points do not provide enough information to define a circle: a minimum of three points is required to uniquely define a circle unless one of the points happens to be the centre and the other is on the circle. In that case, however, it is necessary to know which is which.
There is not enough information to answer the question. For example, it is not even known if E, F and G are vertices of a triangle, three points on the same straight line, three points on the circumference of a circle or some exotic shape.
It is typically named using one point, which is the center. Sometimes, a circle could be referred to "a circle with diameter AB" in which two points are named. However, you need three non-collinear points to uniquely determine a circle.
Points on the same line are called collinear points.
yes