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The unit of loudness N is "the sone" and the unit of loudness level (volume) LN is "the phon". Scroll down to related links and look at "Conversion of sone to phon".
No. Loudness is a scalar quantity. It lacks a vector or direction. Be sure not to confuse this by applying personal experience. Follow along. You are stationary. You hear a sound. You don't move when you hear it. It has some "apparent loudness" as you experienced it. It stops. You turn your head in the direction you think it came from and hold your head still. The sound starts again at the same level it was. It sounds louder to you because you are now facing the source. But it isn't actually louder. You hear better because you are facing the source. This does not mean the loudness has a vector associated with it. It does not.
You have reached a level where further capital investment is counter productive. This may be because you have created an imbalance between labour and capital, or that you have reached a point where economies of scale no longer apply. This may be a point where the capital employed needs to make a step increase, rather than a gradual increase.
A gradual slope is easier to drive a vehicle over than an excessively steep slope. As a cyclist, I want a gradual slope, anything steeper would mean dismounting and walking to the top of the steep slope.
noise, tone, voice, loudness, vibration, tenor, ringing