In trigonometry sines and cosines are used to solve a mathematical problem. And sines and cosines are also used in meteorology in estimating the height of the clouds.
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When none of the angles are known, and using Pythagoras, the triangle is known not to be right angled.
Yes. Look up the law of sines and the law of cosines as examples. there are also formulas that can find out the area of a non-right triangle.
A caveman from 10,000 BCal-Kashi was the 1st to provide an explicit statement of the law of cosines in a form suitable for triangulation
Law of cosines
The Law of Sines can be used to find unknown parts (a side or angle) of a triangle. For example if you know 2 angles and a side, or if you know 2 sides and 1 angle (depending on how they are oriented). Visit the Maths Is Fun site (link posted below) for a more graphical explanation.