Simple case:
First pin to the LEFT of a dot and/or a notch is pin 1.
Chip with > 1 dot:
The darker/deeper dot is the main dot, first pin to the left is pin 1.
No dot or notch, just a semi circle on 1 side:
First pin on the left is pin 1.
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Intercontainer or ic number shows that container is approved by international union of railways, ic no shows that which railway organization has certified that container
to avoid floating pins ...........so as to avoid rail to rail current
'Mask' simply is an arrangement of opaque & transparent areas, that is used to bear a 'pattern' in VLSI 'Patterning' process. As we know, an IC is a combination of various 'layers' of silicon, each having a certain function in the big picture. Now in Patterning process, a bare silicon wafer is selectively exposed by patterning the insulating coating (silicon dioxide) on top. To pattern the SiO2, we use an 'organic photo-resist' layer, on top of SiO2. The 'mask' contain the design we want, where we want to expose Silicon. So, first we place the mask & pattern the resist (through UV/X-ray, Organic acid, etc etc) and then we pattern the SiO2 that has been exposed now. Resist will be completely removed later. There are positive & negative Masks also, considering the opaque & transparent regions.
Diameter = 6.6cm, so radius = 3.3cm Circumference = 2 * pi * radius Circle. = 20.735 cm Now we multiply by the length..... 20.735 * 8.8 = 182.468 cm^2 Now we have the 1cm overlap, which technically is a rectangle of dimensions 1cm * 8.8cm i.e. 1 * 8.8cm = 8.8 cm^2 We just add this on..... 182.468 + 8.8 = 191.268 cm^2 or 191.27 cm^2 (to 2dp)