1 second = 1 million microseconds.
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A length of time that is 0.00000001 second is also called a "10 nanoseconds" or "10 ns" in scientific notation. This unit of time is commonly used in fields such as physics, engineering, and computing to measure very small time intervals. It is equivalent to one billionth of a second.
I think you mean "milliseconds". The prefix "milli" is used in the metric system of measurements to mean "one thousandth of", so a "millisecond" is one thousandth of a second, which means that there must be 1000 of them in 1 second.
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They're simply used for clarity - to make the number easier to read.
It can be. The word second is a noun, verb, or adjective. But it is be used in place of the adjective (secondly) in sentences such as "he finished second in the race." It can modify an adjective, as in "the second-highest score."