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No. A tangent touches the circle at exactly one point. A line that intersects a circle at exactly two points is a secant.
No, a circle can never pass through three points of a straight line. The circle will touch 1) no points of the line, 2) one point of the line (which is now tangent to the circle), or 3) two points of the line. A line can contain (at most) twopoints that lie on the line.
The Tangent Line to Circle Theorem states that a line is tangent to a circle if and only if it's perpendicular to the circle's radius.
Such a line is called a tangent line or a tangent to the circle. [Tangent is Latin for touching-- a tangent line touches the circle at just one point. ]
Yes, it can as long as it is not the tangent line of the outermost circle. If it is tangent to any of the inner circles it will always cross the outer circles at two points--so it is their secant line--whereas the tangent of the outermost circle is secant to no circle because there are no more circles beyond that last one.