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The first calculators were abacuses, and were often constructed as a wooden frame with beads sliding on wires. Abacuses were in use centuries before the written numerals system and are still used by some merchants, fishermen and clerks in China and elsewhere.

In 1822 Charles Babbage proposed mechanical calculators; one called a difference engine, which was capable of holding and manipulating seven numbers of 31 decimal digits each; and another more advanced mechanical programmable computer called an analytical engine. None of these designs were completely built. In 1991 the London Science Museum followed Babbage's plans to build a working difference engine using the technology and materials available in the 19th century.

The Olivetti Programma 101 was introduced in late 1965; it was a stored program machine which could read and write magnetic cards and displayed results on its built-in printer. Programming allowed conditional testing and programs could also be overlayed by reading from magnetic cards. The Olivetti Programma 101 has won many industrial design awards.

The first handheld calculator was developed by Texas Instruments in 1967. It could add, multiply, subtract, and divide, and its output device was a paper tape.

The first calculator was probably the abacus; this has several balls on wires and allows the operator (with some practice) to perform arithmatic.

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