The variable plotted along the horizontal (x) axis is termed the independent variable.
The variable plotted along the vertical (y) axis is termed the dependent variable.
Usually equations of curves are given in the form y = f(x) meaning that the y value is dependent on the x value.
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The ratio of the vertical distance to the horizontal distance is sometimes colloquially phrased as "rise over run"; the numerically calculated value is called "slope". Mathematically, slope can be thought of as the tangent (function) of the "angle of elevation".
Percent error is calculated by the measured value and the acceped value. For example, if you measure a piece of paper and decide it is 8.45in long, that is your measured value. The package says it is 8.5in long, so it is the accepted value. The formula for percent error is |measured value - accepted value| divided by accepted value ALL times 100.
3.97%