quarter past ten means 15 minutes after 10o'clock
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25 minutes 10 minutes get to 10, and then another 15 minutes gets to quarter past making 10 + 15 = 25 minutes in total.
4:45 ; Quarter to 5 5:15 ; Quarter past 5
Quarter past 12 !
Both are accepted, but "a quarter after" is preferred in formal writing.
It can't be half past and a quarter to 5 at the same time. I assume the answer is 5.30 for half past 5, and 4.45 for quarter to 5.