Actually, it is easier to define a polynomial as a function of a variable, x, in the form:
p(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 + ... + a2x2 + a1x + a0 where n is an integer and the ai are constants. A non-polynomial, then, is any function of x which contains one or more terms in x which are not in the form akxk.
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The zero of a polynomial in the variable x, is a value of x for which the polynomial is zero. It is a value where the graph of the polynomial intersects the x-axis.
A polynomial is a sum of monomials - and each monomial may only contain non-negative integer powers of the variables involved. If any other operation is involved (for example, a negative or fractional exponent; equivalent to a variable in the denominator, or a root), you have a non-polynomial.
No. by definition, the polynomial should contain an integer as exponent and square root 1/2 is not an integer.
Basically, a number is transcendental if it isn't the solution of a polynomial equation. An example would be PI.
No. A matrix polynomial is an algebraic expression in which the variable is a matrix. A polynomial matrix is a matrix in which each element is a polynomial.