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Copernicus's theory has the Sun at the centre but uses a model of circles and epicycles in the same way that the ancient Ptolemaic one used.

Kepler continued to use the idea of having the Sun at the centre but, with the help of Tycho Brahe's new accurate observations, Kepler discovered that elliptical orbits allowed a better fit to the observed positions.

Tycho instructed Kepler to work on the orbit of Mars, which was a real piece of luck because Mars's orbit is more elliptical than the other planets' orbits (except Mercury). This led Kepler to the idea of the ellipse, which is the model used today.

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Q: What is the main difference between Kepler's system and Copernicus system?
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What is the main difference between keplers system and the Copernicus system?

Copernicus's system used circles and epicycles, just like the ancient Ptolemaic system, with the difference that by placing the Sun at the centre Copernicus could simplify the complicated paths taken by the planets through space. Kepler had the advantage of new accurate observations made by Tycho Brahe at the end of the 16th century, and these enabled Kepler to realise that by using elliptical orbits for the planets, the modelled positions could be fitted more closely with the measured positions. Kepler retained the idea of having the Sun at the centre and it is the model used today with slight modifications from Einstein's theory of relativity.


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