Since the quiz/test (or whatever it may be) is out of '40' we know that 40 out of 40 is 100%, or the full marks.
Now, since we know that, we can divide 28 by 40.
28/40 = 0.7
After, we take this number and multiply it by 100 to make it equal to the percentage..
0.7 x 100 = 70
So, 28 out of 40 is equal to 70%
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When 40 is decreased by 30% the result is 28.
40
30% off of 40 dollars = 70% [left] of 40 dollars = 40*70/100 = 28 dollars
28
Let that number be x. So we have, x - 0.3x = 28 0.7x = 28 7x = 280 x = 40 Check.