Copernicus believed that the Sun was at the center of the universe, not the earth. It's very conter-intuitive, but he realized that such a model would best fit the way that the planets behaved. Unfortunately, he also believed that the planets rotated around the Sun in perfect circles. Thus, his theory didn't work any better than the Earth-centric models. It was only when Kepler proposed that the planets moved in elipses around the Sun that we finally had a model that could accurately predict the motions of the planets. Copernicus laid the groundwork and Kepler (and many others) finished what he'd started.
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Copernicus' theory was that Earth is not the center of the universe and we revolve around the Sun.
He was a Polish mathematician who disagreed with Ptolemy's view that the earth is the center of the universe. The heliocentric theory is the theory that the sun is the center of the universe, not the earth.
He worked on his theory for years, but it was only published in the year of his death, in 1543.
Nicolaus Copernicus
that the world was heliocentric not geocentric aka sun centered universe and earth centered universe